Good Writing Vs Talented Writing

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Paper Writing Service The Internet, online publishing and social media haven't only transformed publishing, however the whole communication business as properly. This disruption has led to the emergence of recent writing careers, these with a greater emphasis on Web writing, modifying, and media production. These changes have created a more competitive market for proficient writers with digital abilities. Nationally, the Bureau of Labor Statistics tasks 2 p.c progress for writers between 2014 and 2014. Learn more concerning the occupational outlook in every state using the map below. You get the possibility to be taught from experienced execs who are able to share their expertise and information with you. Professional associations are a fantastic useful resource for these actions and below is an inventory of organizations that help writers. Copywriting is a broad employment area and copywriters are employed in almost every business, from healthcare to advertising. As versatile writers, copywriters create content that has an agenda, similar to advertising and public relations materials. They create copy for particular audiences in quite a few codecs, together with white papers, social media posts, emails, blog posts, and fliers. There are quite a few several types of writers, corresponding to copywriters, journalists, novelists, web writers and editors. Writing professionals are broadly employed in several industries, starting from academia to enterprise, journalism to leisure. Coursework in English, studying and writing are necessary. Future writers can also write for his or her yearbook or school paper to develop expertise. Bachelor’s degree applications typically require four-years of full-time study and expose students to common training coursework and classwork of their chosen writing specialty. At this stage, the commonest majors embody English literature, inventive writing and English with a writing emphasis . These writing levels supply college students a number of educational pathways that can result in both work as a writer or into further graduate research. Below is an outline of the completely different writing majors on the bachelor’s stage. I've hung out as a author in several positions, together with a stint as a journalist, however I'm prepared to start out my own consulting firm and provide modifying and copywriting providers to clients. I need to pursue a profession as an internet content writer, however don't have the time to commit to a four-yr diploma. I'd like a professionally oriented program that permits me to pay attention my studies in on-line media and advertising. Professional writers in fields such as business, marketing and healthcare can benefit from finishing an internship. Internships provide students with expertise, making use of their classroom-based knowledge in actual-world initiatives. Whether it's copywriting or journalism, future writers can hone their craft and develop new expertise by finishing an internship whereas in college. They may be known as upon to parse information and find the story inside that knowledge and write about it, so they should be capable of perceive information and information units. As we stated, writing is hard, and even professional writers like myself have bother doing it. Our writers are highly expert at catching even the slightest error. Hiring an essay writer online is a superb investment for you as a student. They are content material marketers with a eager understanding of how language can be used to convince readers, sell merchandise, and inform a story. The Master of Fine Arts in writing allows writers to singularly focus on developing their creative writing abilities. It’s a unique occupation, as a majority of writers are self-employed (roughly two-thirds), according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Along with superior writing skills, it often falls upon writers to do exhaustive analysis when writing, so that they must have superior analysis skills as properly. Prospective writers can develop a portfolio while they attend school. A highschool diploma or equivalent is the minimum educational requirement to qualify for a majority of writing jobs.

Applying To College When Mom Is A College Admissions Pro

HomeApplyPlanApplying To College When Mom Is A College Admissions ProThis page may contain affiliate links.Nov 14, 2019Across 16 years as a grant writer for a nonprofit that helps low-income kids apply and get into college, I kept up to date on the latest research and statistics, best practices, and trends in college admissions and access. I also spent several summers serving as a writing coach to guide kids through the process of writing personal statements for their college applications. Though I’m no longer in that job, I’m about as well-versed in the college application process as a person can be. Or so I thought. Because when it comes to getting my own daughter (now a junior in high school) into college, I’ve got to find a way to turn all that theory I’ve accumulated into something useful in practice. [College Checklist For 11th Grade Families] Can You Rely on Schools For Help On How To Apply To College? In my work, we specifically focused on low-income students, many of who would be the first in their families to go to college; these kids need more support because they often come from families and communities lacking the experience and knowledge of the college planning process. Yet, now that I’m a civilian in the area of college admissions and access, it’s easier for me to see the bigger picture: the school guidance system in this country is broken—for everyone. In my daughter’s high school experience, counselors have disappeared as quickly as drummers in Spinal Tap; over two years she’s had four counselors—three of them in just one year. From that, I pretty quickly learned that there was very little chance a counselor might get to know my kid well enough to provide individualized support. And, when school counselors do stick around it seems like they’re being asked to spend more time serving as social workers than providing academic guidance in general and college planning specifically. What little support there is for families in many public schools is outsourced to nonprofits and consultants, many of whom provide â€Å"free† initial seminars that conclude by marketing their paid services. And the meager information provided is usually targeted at juniors and seniors—a serious financial misstep now that FAFSA asks for prior-prior year taxes pegged to the sophomore year. Handling College Admissions When Youre Middle Income Talking to the parents of my daughter’s friends, it’s also become clear that applying to college is even complicated for adults who do have college degrees. Seems there’s a good reason there’s a booming market for expensive private college planning consultants. But what if, like my family, you’re in the middle? Not on the radar of nonprofits rightfully helping those who need more help but also unable to pay the thousands of dollars to get a consultant’s aid to get your kid into a college you can actually afford. My husband is a writer/director/actor who works as an artistic director of a tiny theater in our town and I have always worked at nonprofits; needless to say, we have little saved for retirement or college. We’re right smack in the middle of the income spectrum—which is exactly where you don’t want to be when it comes to financial aid. Our EFC looks more like a nonprofit salary than it does a figure we’re expected to have available for tuition. We’ve always been upfront with our daughter about the lack of a college war chest and the need to get good grades and test scores to qualify for scholarships and merit aid, and thankfully she’s (mostly) listened and seems to understand the challenge ahead. When The College Consultant Is Your Mom So, we’re going into this battle with me as the general and I’m both fascinated and anxious about how that’s going to work. When I helped kids directly on the job, I was Ms. Lisa or Ms. Yoffee—a professional, someone to be respected—i.e., there wasn’t a lot of pushback, and certainly no door-slamming or icy-silent drives in the car. With my daughter, I’m Mom—the one who nags about cleaning the cat box and getting enough sleep; and now I’ll be adding researching colleges, writing essay drafts, and completing applications to the list of eyeroll-inducing things I pester about. When I started that college access job, my daughter wasn’t even born. I just had a passion for the mission and loved knowing that our work helped hundreds of thousands of kids who otherwise wouldn’t have had support get the help they needed to choose to pursue a college degree. Now I’m also grateful for that time because it’s put me in a position to guide my own kid and help friends through this process. Still, I’m unsatisfied. Going to college (and not incurring significant debt in the process) should not depend on random factors like what zip code you live in; attending a school lucky enough to be served by a nonprofit or agency equipped to support all students in college access; or having a parent (or being friends with one) who just happens to know enough to serve in the role of counselor.

Two Halves of the Same Song Essay - 758 Words

Two Halves Of The Same Song One of the crucial components of Amy Tans Two Kinds is her choice of narrator. This narrative voice develops the story by adding to the characters. By using this narrator, Amy Tan allows the story to come alive through the eyes of a child. Jing-Mei, who is the daughter of a Chinese immigrant, paints the picture of her relationship between herself and her overbearing mother. Being the protagonist of the story, Jing-Mei is able to portray what she is going through as the storyteller. This choice of first person narrative allows the audience to look through the eyes of a young Chinese-American girl and take part in her coming of age. If the author chose another character as narrator, the childlike†¦show more content†¦I wont be what I am not(195). In being able to witness the first person narrative account, the readers are able to hear an honest view of what is happening, therefore Jing-Mei is able to build the trust of her audience. The altercation that Jing-Mei has with her mother after the talent show led to her verbal attacks as she shouts, I wish I were dead! Like them(200). The words spoken between Jing-Mei and her mother are realistic and throughout the story the tone is set by anger and disappointment, but nearing the ending it changes directions. The narrators voice grows from a child into a woman. Jing-Meis mother offers the piano that they fought over years ago as a peace offering. Jing-Mei finally realizes that her mother never lost hope for her, but only wants her to be the best she could be. Nearing the end of the story and from an adult perspective, Jing-Mei dwells on the piano piece that she had struggled to play at the recital. It is titled Pleading Child and proves to be a very slow and difficult piece of music. She later on sees that the title across the page is titled Perfectly Contented which proves to be quick and happy. The two halves of this song can be compared to Jing-Meis life. During her childhood she feels unsatisfied with her choices and only after her mothers offering of the piano she is able to find inner peace and reconcile her failures. The fact that Amy Tan utilizes Jing-Mei as theShow MoreRelatedA Literary Analysis of Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay example976 Words   |  4 PagesTHEME The title of this short story â€Å"Two Kinds† is describes the theme of this story. The mother had stated that there are only two types of daughters. â€Å"Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind.† (pg 412) Jing Mei did not understand the truth or meaning behind that declaration until after her mothers death. Jing Mei realized that her mother only meant that she could be an obedient child by listening to her mother while at the same time follow her own heart and want her own prodigyRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1567 Words   |  7 Pagesof short stories about Chinese mothers and their assimilated daughters. One of these stories is â€Å"Two Kinds,† which looks into the life of Jing-Mei Woo and her struggle to gain a sense of self. Some key themes in The Joy Luck Club are the generational and intercultural differences among Chinese-American families, the complex mother-daughter relationship, and the journey of self-discovery. The ti tle â€Å"Two Kinds† can take various meanings in relation to the context of the story, and Amy Tan skillfullyRead MoreTwo Kinds Character Analysis Essay935 Words   |  4 Pages A mother’s belief in the American dream causes her to incessantly encourage her daughter to be an Americanized prodigy in Amy Tan’s Two Kinds. An immigrant from China, where she lost everyone and everything in her life, Jing-mei’s mother sets about training her daughter to achieve the best quality of life America can offer. At first excited, Jing-mei, tries everything her mother sets before her. The conflict arises when Jing-mei begins to feel the effects of her failed attempts and her mother’sRead MoreEssay on Watching Tennis and A Subaltern’s Love Song969 Words   |  4 Pagesand A Subaltern’s Love Song Introduction The themes and ideas are so similar that if one was to briefly explain what both poems were about, you would think that they were exactly the same poems. Yet what really separates these two poems is their technical side. Form The form of a poem can be mainly observed by looking at and listening to the poem. Rhyme scheme, verse length, and line length are but a few examples of a poem’s form. A Subaltern’s Love song is a relatively long poemRead MoreTwo Kinds by Amy Tan Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story, Two Kinds by Amy Tan, a Chinese mother and daughter are at odds with each other. The mother pushes her daughter to become a prodigy, while the daughter (like most children with immigrant parents) seeks to find herself in a world that demands her Americanization. This is the theme of the story, conflicting values. In a society that values individuality, the daughter sought to be an individual, while her mother demanded she do what was suggested. This is a conflict withinRead MoreAnalysis Of Brooke Fraser s Kings And Queens 1423 Words   |  6 Pages‘Arithmetic’ is a very simplistic, acoustic song off her first album ‘What to Do with Daylight’ (2003). ‘Kings and Queens’ is off her newest album and is a highly produced song containing elements of rock, pop and electronic sounds. These two songs I have chose n use various music techniques and show the development of Fraser’s music over the past decade. ‘Arithmetic’ (AR) and ‘Kings and Queens’ (KQ) share three similarities with its arranging techniques as both songs use common time 4/4 and a major tonalRead MoreThe Relationship of Mothers and their Expectations of Daughters in Amy Tan’s Two Kinds751 Words   |  4 Pagesones we can count on when there was no one else. They have been the ones who love of us for who we are and forgive us when no one else wouldn’t. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds,† the character Jing-mei experiences being raised by a mother who has overwhelming expectations for her daughter, causes Jing-mei to struggle with who she wants to be. â€Å"Only two kind of daughters,† â€Å"Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind!†(476). When a mother pushes her daughter to hard the daughter rebels, but realizesRead MoreEssay on The Ideal Parent1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time from all kinds of kids who come from all sorts of different ba ckgrounds. It seems in the world today parents get all the negative attention, and it seems like all the good they do go unnoticed by the public. Two different kinds of mothers were presented in the stories Two Kinds by Amy Tan, and I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen. Sometimes children complain about their mothers, each wishing they could have different type of mom. The lives and situations of each mother were differentRead More An Analysis of Blakes The School Boy Essay1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Blakes The School Boy  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The School Boy is a typical example of Blakes Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience in its themes and imagery. Like many of the other poems in this work it deals with childhood and the subjugation of its spirit and uses imagery from the natural world. While first published in 1789 as one of the Songs of Innocence there are strong reasons why Blake moved it to the Experience1 section of the 1794 edition. If we compare it to other poems inRead MoreFrederick Douglass And The 21st Century1146 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch, was more organized on how he wanted to learn. In other words, he had an actual plan mapped out instead of just winging it. Mr. Douglass was not rich whatsoever. As a matter of fact, he was a slave. He didn’t have much, but the young lad had two positive personality traits that guided him on his path to learning to read and write. Douglass was very perpetual. Despite the fact it took him longer due to not having a constant teacher, and not being able to get a chance to find a book or paper

Strategic Management for Company Marketing †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management For The Company Marketing? Answer: Introduction Chick-Fil-A is a company well-known for its good chicken sandwich in the southern parts of the United States and as its headquarters at Atlanta, Georgia. It is one of the nations second largest chicken restaurants and is differentiated from the other brands that sell plain chicken. It has build recognition in the arena of chicken restaurants and is different from the other fast food chains that serve burgers or beefs. It has great opportunities to open restaurants in other parts of the nation that would increase their frequency and reach in other parts of the nation (Gerhardt et al. 2015). It has also started changing its menu along with successful advertising opportunities. Despite of the enormous expanding opportunities, the companies still face low recognition in many regions. Furthermore, it is planning to expand its restaurant chain in Singapore. Therefore, the following business report deals with the PES analysis of Singapore market in context to Chick-Fil-A. It also deals with the recommendations and PESTLE being an important marketing tool for the external environment analysis of Singapore concerning Chick-Fil-A. PESTLE as marketing tool PESTLE analysis is a marketing tool or framework that helps to monitor and analyze the external or macro-environment that might have an impact on the organization. PESTLE stands for P-political, E-economic, S-social, T-technological, L-legal and E-environmental that analyzes the marketing environment that is used to identify the external factors affecting an organization or company. Political factors demonstrate the interventions of the government in the economy. Economic factors include the business of the organizations and the profits that they make. The interest rates, economic growth, inflation, exchange rates and disposable income that affect a business are analyzed under the economic factors. As the restaurants are greatly determined by the population, the socio-cultural factors are important that is involved in the attitudes and beliefs of the population. Technological factors include the marketing, distribution of the goods and communication in the target markets. Environment al factors are also important as it determines the factors like pollution targets, raw materials and sustainability of the company and working of the products in an ethical manner. The opportunities, health and safety, consumer rights, advertising standards and laws, product safety and labeling are the legal factors to make clear that the company is meeting the legal requirements and working in accordance with the legal rules and regulations (Anton 2015). In the following PES analysis of the Singapore market, it is helpful in understanding the factors that would determine the expansion of the Chick-Fil-A in the Singapore market. PES analysis of Singapore Over the last few decades, Singapore has shown tremendous economic growth and today, it is considered to have a high-income economy. The factors like external and local demand, investments and private consumption expenditure are some of the factors that have determined the economic growth of Singapore. Political factors Taking into consideration, Singapores political situation shows that Singapore is a bureaucratic country where the political power is in the governments hands. The Singapore government is dedicated in communicating the efforts to the public directly instead of gathering of the publics opinions. The politics is a mixture of bureaucracy and democracy (Ho 2014). The political risk in Singapore is very low and as reported by Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) states that it has the lowest political risk and is a democratic country. Since its independence, the people are the representatives that provide relative political stability. There is better standard of living and peace in the country that has contributed to the better standard of living. This factor helps the companies to improve their business and opportunities for new market. Despite of the low political risk, there are restrictions in free speech and limitations in Singapore. In addition, there is limitation of free speech due to legal suits in Singapore (slam, Mamun and Amanullah 2017). When taken into consideration, Chick-Fil-A will be able to handle different political situations for its business operations as it has business in 38 states having 1500 restaurants. It might face problem in some parts of the country due to the changing rules and regulations that might have health implications like cholesterol or obesity. The political situation of Singapore is difficult to handle, however, Chick-Fil-A has to work in accordance with the countrys rules and regulations (Brown 2014). Economic factors Singapores economy is highly attracted by the different businesses and industries around the world. Singapore is ranked as the second most open economy of the world by the Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom and is attracted by the different businesses across globe. There is no foreign debt and Singapores economy is highly stable when macroeconomic environment is considered. Singapore government revenue is consistently surplus and high. Moreover, the economy of Singapore has shown great strength at the time of financial crisis during the year 2007-2008. During the period of economic crisis, there was sliding seen in many neighboring countries of Singapore, however, it showed economic stability. In the progressing years from 2010 onwards, it emerged as the fastest growing economy where the economies of Europe and U.S. were struggling. There is less natural resources and area is also small in Singapore (Rose et al. 2017). Considering fast food business like Chick-Fil-A, it can be said that the economy of Singapore is beneficial for the food industry. It is a tourist place and therefore, it has vast scope for the establishment of the fast food business, Chick-Fil-A, for the different types of people. The growth rate of the Singapore economy is 4.9% and has a high disposable income level. The gross domestic product (GDP) is $318.9 billion ad per capita GDP is $62100. With continuous growth and high GDP, Singapore has attracted many food businesses and has wide opportunities for Chick-Fil-A, and can establish their business in the country (Swimberghe et al. 2014). The economy of Singapore is also vibrant and has free-market economy. The economy is developing at a fast rate and per-capita income is very high in ASEAN. It also ranks among the most competitive countries with motivated and educated workers that would help to strengthen the business. The financial and legal business is also powerful that also helps in establishing a successful business. Recently, the Government of Australia has invested in the diversification of the economy like in the areas of tourism, food and pharmaceutical industries. The geographic location of Singapore is the success where the government is an active player and imperative and owns its substantial productive assets. The cost of Singapore is saved as they have imported labor cost at the cheaper level from the neighboring countries. However, there are many constrains on the economic performance of Singapore like labor shortages, productivity decline and the rising labor costs (Abdullah and Chan 2016). Social factors The social condition of Singapore is same as any other Eastern country. It is rooted into the traditional family cultures and values. The younger generation follows the western values and culture. The residential people try to work hard and fulfill their materialistic desire. This urge helps to increase the productivity of the nation. This can be utilized by the business sectors that would help to gain higher purchase power from the consumers. There are reports that suggest the Singaporeans dislike the blue-collar jobs just like construction. The literacy rate of Singapore is very high where the primary schooling is mandatory. The parents are highly engaged in their childrens studies and ensure regular attendance. They have great command over languages like English and Chinese that is an advantage for the Singaporeans. This provides a competitive advantage as it attracts the international trade and draw foreign investment (Tremewan 2016). The quality of life is very high in Singapore and it can help the fast food chain to establish their business in the country. The people in Singapore are from different social and cultural backgrounds and is a highly tourism country. The tourists consume fast food and so it can provide competitive advantage for Chick-Fil-A. The tourists come from different places and they would prefer to have different tastes and food preferences. The fast food industry greatly depends on the food preferences and taste of the consumers and Chick-Fil-A chicken products vary with food preferences and taste that would serve the changing consumer demands with good quality (Orozco 2016). Singapores culture is materialistic and it poses constant pressure on the countrys people. Their life is maintained via five Cs; Car, Cash, Credit card, Country club and Condo. Despite of the materialism and related stress, the country was named as the happiest country by the ABC news in Asia. People from different countries like India, Malaysia and China come to Singapore and prefer to live in the country. Chick-Fil-A has the ability to establish its business if it deal with the social preferences of the Singaporeans well (Tong 2014). Reasons for choosing PES Strategic management is an important aspect in the management of modern businesses that involves the forming of the institutional programs and goals that helps to fulfill the companys missions and goals. The scanning of the environment is an essential component for the strategic management where the management consultant studies the political, economic and social factors that are likely to affect a business. The environmental scanning where they are able to identify the costly mistakes and untapped markets also benefits the expanding businesses. The PES analysis is an efficient management tool that helps the managers to organize and come up with brainstorm ideas to establish business via environmental scanning. The social factors that include the demographic and cultural factors of the society are the microenvironment. It also includes the age distribution, career attributes and health consciousness and growth rate and safety awareness. These factors are important to study as a whole as it helps the businesses and organizations to understand the dynamics of the emerging and existing potential markets with the future consumer needs (Kolios and Read 2013). These factors are important to study as it provides a framework for the organizational strategy to reduce the effects and impact of the potential threats that are likely to affect the Chick-Fil-A company in Singapore. PES analysis also helps the organization to exploit and identify the new opportunities and assessment of the implications to expand the business and enter new markets at the national and global level. Recommendations Chick-Fil-A is well known for its chicken sandwich that provides competitive advantage over other brands that hosts plain chicken. However, it has weaknesses like those that it is not opened on Sundays. So, if it would be open on Sundays, it can help to increase the sales and potentially increase the recognition and acceptance of the brand. During the lunchtime, it serves all items of chicken and so it provides limitations for the customers to choose a side item or prefer any other restaurant. In addition, the company should also try to reach to new customers to increase its frequency and the franchise should strictly follow the rules and regulations to build the brand acceptance and product loyalty (Gamlath 2014). Looking into the political, economic and social factors, Chick-Fil-A should change their menu according to the taste and preferences as Singapore is a tourist based country. Moreover, they should follow the rules and regulations of the country stringently as the rules and regulations keep changing. However, the political risk is less and economy is stable. The materialistic nature of the Singaporeans can be helpful in drawing new customers. The economy of Singapore is stable and so it can be beneficial for the company to establish the food industry and attract new customers and consumers (Salter 2013). Conclusion Chick-Fil-A is a company well-known for its good chicken sandwich in the southern parts of the United States and as its headquarters at Atlanta, Georgia. PESTLE analysis is a marketing tool or framework that helps to monitor and analyze the external or macro-environment that might have an impact on the organization. When taken into consideration, Chick-Fil-A will be able to handle different political situations for its business operations as it has business in 38 states having 1500 restaurants. Considering fast food business like Chick-Fil-A, it can be said that the economy of Singapore is beneficial for the food industry. Looking into the political, economic and social factors, Chick-Fil-A should change their menu according to the taste and preferences as Singapore is a tourist based country. References Abdullah, M.A. and Chan, R.K., 2016. Foreign Labor In The Midst Of The Asian Economic Crisis: Early Experiences From Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan And Singapore.Jurnal Kinabalu (eJK),4. Anton, R., 2015. An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis. Brown, R.S., 2014. Double moral hazard and franchising: a dual case study approach.Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict,18(2), p.15. Gamlath, S.L., 2014. 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Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Example

Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Research on Telecommunications pricing Research on Telecommunications pricing Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Contents Contents1 Executive Summary2 Theoretical Background3 The Theory of Price3 The Demand Function3 The Demand Function for Telecom industry4 The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements4 Research Background6 The Egyptian Scenario6 The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil)7 Important Milestones7 Mobinil Market Position9 Research Analysis and Results10 Quantity Demand Analysis10 Cross Demand Function11 12 Regression Analysis13 Research Conclusion16 Executive Summary Telecommunication is a fast growing industry which is promising its investors secured and growing revenue due to its important in every person’s life and day to day activities. In particular, mobile telecommunications has been a new entrant to the industry. Starting in late 1990s mobile telecommunications achieved a huge growth in a small period of time. The ability to perform calls in any location to any required destination has been accepted and motivated by the users. The advance in technology has made the mobile products highly available to the public with different price ranges that vary based on the functionality and features produced. On important aspect we will be discussing in this document is the minute rate pricing schema adopted by various operators in Egypt. Pricing has been and will be one of the most important aspects in any business and especially for service providers such as telecom operators. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are two major categories in which pricing can depart from marginal costs as per Armstrong (Armstrong, 2001) 1. The problem caused by fixed and common costs, setting all the prices equal to the marginal costs will not allow the operator to break even 2. Pricing is usually determined in some ad hoc manner and may not reflect the costs at all, depending on that profits from one market may subsidize the other The second point is mainly evident in different pricing schemes applied in the Egyptian market. The literature will be discussing various factors affecting the pricing and will be proposing a way in order to effectively determine the pricing that will achieve profit maximization by increasing the gap between the marginal costs and the marginal revenue. Figure 1 Profit Maximization Theory Theoretical Background The Theory of Price The theory of price is an economics theory that provides the optimum price for a certain good or a service based on the supply and demand forces. In hat theory, each force is studied in details and various factors are combined through regression analysis in order to find the optimum price in which supply and demand are equal to reach the market equilibrium. The Demand Function Demand is the quantity of a certain commodity the consumer is willing to buy at a certain price in a certain period. The demand function of a certain good or service is the relationship between the price of the good or service and the amount of it that consumers are willing and a ble to purchase at that given price. Mathematically the demand function can be stated as follows Dx= f(Px, Ps, Pc, I,T) Where Dx = Demand for commodity X Px = Price for commodity X Ps = Price for Substitutes goods of X Pc = Price for complementary goods of X I = Money Income T = Qualitative factor of taste In the mobile communications market substitutes can be described as fixed line communication and voice over IP communication through the internet such as Skype amp; Magic Jack On the other hand complementary goods are replacements of the mobile calls such as short text messaging (SMS) and Blackberry messaging (BBM). Taste is another important factor that affects demand on the mobile phone usage. A recent incident occurred with one of the largest mobile operators in Egypt Mobinil, in which the former CEO and board member Naguib Sawiris has posted an offensive cartoon on his twitter account, which criticize one of the Islamic beliefs. This incident has caused a boycott of Mobinil service by many people. A 4 per cent decline was incurred in its share price during trading in Cairo. The Demand Function for Telecom industry The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements Fixed Line As discussed in the theoretical part, mobile phones have come to substitute the fixed line industry as they provide a very important feature which is not found in the fixed lines which is the portability feature. The below figure shows the rise of the number of subscribers for both the mobile market and the fixed line market Figure [ 2 ] Mobile Operator Total Number of Subscribers and Penetration Rate Figure [ 3 ] Fixed Line Subscribers and Penetration Rate We can see clearly how the penetration rate and growth rate for mobile subscribers has exceeded by far the rates for fixed line subscribers. These figures suggest that phone users in Egypt see the mobile telecommunications as a strong substitute to fixed line phones. We can clearly notice this as mobile phones has been in the hands of the rich and the poor; from a famous business man who uses the phone for important conference calls and emails to the poor grocery man who uses his phone as part of his on-going business receiving requests for delivery items. The pricing schemes as well has its factor of having the mobile communications as a stronger substitute, below figures shows the fixed line pricing schemes Figure [ 4 ] Fixed Line Pricing Schemes The rates has been less by far in mobile to mobile communication, where rates has been as low as 15 pt. which is half the price of fixed to mobile price. Internet Voice over IP, The technology used to transmit voice conversations over a data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data network may be the Internet or a corporate Intranet, or managed networks typically used by long and local service traditional providers and ISPs that use VoIP. VoIP Applications include * PC to PC VoIP * PC to Phone VoIP * Phone to Phone VoIP * Prepaid cards Phone to Phone VoIP The third option is considered as one of the greatest substitute for the telecom industry, several phone applications have been spread that include the functionality of performing VOIP calls, example for such applications include Skype, Viper, and Tango that are widely spread on all types of smart phones. Although VOIP calls are considered cheap, they do not offer carrier grade quality; quality depends on connection and state of Internet traffic. Receivers of calls may blame their network operators (not VoIP operator) for the occasional poor quality. Research Background The Egyptian Scenario Mobile phone services where introduced to Egypt about 10 years ago. Since then the mobile phone service has grown enormously with having the subscriber base covering more than 2 thirds of the Egyptian citizens People use the mobile phone service for various reasons, either for mobile calls or for broadband services. The communication sector achieved a growth rate of 14. 1% and 14. 2% in the FY2006/07 and FY2007/08, respectively. In addition, the sector contribution to the overall real economy kept improving, reaching 3. 5% in FY2007/08, compared to 3. 2% in FY2006/07 and 3% in FY2005/06. Figure [ 5 ] Communications Growth The mobile market in Egypt is currently composed of three players, namely Mobinil, Vodafone and Etisalat. The duopoly of Mobinil and Vodafone ended by the entrance of Etisalat after winning the third mobile license bid in July 2006, with a total consideration of LE16. 7bn. It is worth mentioning that Mobinil, the first mobile operator in Egypt, commenced operation in May 1998, followed by Vodafone, which started rendering mobile services at the end of the same year. The entrance of Etisalat in the Egyptian telecom sector changed the market structure and intensified the competition among the existing market players. In response, mobile operators reduced their tariffs on the different price plans and were motivated to introduce multiple packages, as well as improving their service quality, including network coverage and voice quality, in order to keep their market shares and maintain their growth trends. The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil) The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (ECMS), launched in May 1998, provides a wide range of telecommunications services. ECMS operates under the brand name â€Å"Mobinil†. It is owned by France Telecom Group (FT), Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) and public market equity investors. FT and OTH have respectively 36. 34% and 34. 66% economic interest in ECMS. The remaining 29% of shares are publicly traded on the Egyptian Exchange. Mobinil offers its customers 3G services and EDGE technology for high speed download, Internet communication, and high capability browsing. It is also working on the deployment of HSPA+ technology. Figure 6 ECMS Company Shareholder Structure Important Milestones Telecommunications Market is a very dynamic and competitive environment, and over the last five years Mobinil has passed by several milestones which have significantly shaped Mobinil’s performance and position at the moment. Figure 7 Important Milestones in Mobinil History In 2007, Etisalat official launch announcement was on 30th of April. Along with announcing the 3G services launch in Cairo. Being the sole 3. 75G network in Egypt has given Etisalat its edge in the market providing faster connection utilizing a distinguished infrastructure notably a NGN over the first IP backbone solution in the country. Although the incumbent is still new in the market, network coverage has extended to make sure there is coverage in all major cities including Cairo, Alexandria, Zagazig, Tanta, Sharm el Sheikh, Luxor and many more. A management decision has been taken not to go for the 3G services, which has been proven to be a bad decision, especially with the deteriorating ARPU the company was achieving by that time, and the Market Share shrinking it was suffering from to both Vodafone and Etisalat. In 2008, Mobinil has officially announced the start of its 3G operations and the launch of the Largest and Newest mobile network in Egypt on the 1st of September, after teaming up with the global telecommunication manufacturers Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei for the 3G roll out. In 2009, Mobinil dispute began as a disagreement between two of the company’s major shareholders, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom, about the implementation of an agreement they signed in August 2001 as partners in Mobinil’s holding company. Fifty-one percent (51%) of Mobinil’s shares is held by a holding company which, in turn, is co-owned by France Telecom and Orascom Telecom. France Telecom holds 71. 25 percent of the holding company’s shares while Orascom Telecom holds 28. 75 percent of the shares. Orascom also holds a 20 percent direct stake in Mobinil. The remaining 29 percent of Mobinil’s shares are traded freely on Egypt’s stock exchange. Overall, France Telecom controls approximately 36 percent of Mobinil’s shares while Orascom Telecom controls about 35 percent of the company’s shares. The dispute between France Telecom and Orascom Telecom centered on differing strategies for Mobinil. Orascom Telecom favored greater investment in Mobinil than France Telecom. The two shareholders also differed over Mobinil’s budget and expenditures, its marketing strategy, and the start up of its 3G services. 2] In 2007, Orascom Telecom took the dispute to the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva. In 2010, Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (Mobinil) has announced its acquisition of LINKdotNET, the leading private-sector Egyptian internet service provider, from InTouch Communications S. A. E. , a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), in a landmark deal wh ich will improve customers’ access to a wide array of integrated communications services, will create high value for shareholders, and will benefit Egypt’s telecom sector and the country’s overall economy. At a press conference on 4 July 2010, headed by representatives from Mobinil and LINKdotNET, Mobinil announced the signing of a share sale and purchase agreement with InTouch Communications, a wholly owned subsidiary of OTH for the purchase of 100% of LINKdotNET and Link Egypt (LINK). The enterprise value is USD 130 million. In 2010, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom Holding have presented a joint plan to resolve their long running and acrimonious dispute over the ownership of Egyptian mobile network, Mobinil. The agreement, which has been signed on 15th of April, has effectively brought to an end all disputes in relation to their joint investment in Mobinil. In a statement, FT said that the two groups will continue their partnership on a renewed basis going forward, implementing a revised shareholder agreement but with no change to the existing ownership structure or their shareholders voting rights. In 2011, 25th of January 2011 Revolution took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of December 2011. The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent  civil resistance, which featured a series of  demonstrations, marches, acts of  civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of  socio-economic  and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of  Egyptian President  Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in  Cairo,  Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the  Tunisian revolution  that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president. On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak resigned from office. Egypt after 25th Jan Revolution has shown a great initiative to be better from all aspects, surprisingly; Egyptians have shown a great social accountability and awareness, after suffering from a very long period of suppression, however the current instability and uncertainty is badly affecting all the industries including the telecommunications. In 2011, Criticism and calls for boycotting were raised tremendously in a response for Mobinil’s founder Naguib Sawiras who has posted some caricature, which has been accused of offending Islam. This has really affected Mobinil severely especially with the MNP availability in Egypt, causing a hundreds of thousands of subscribers’ migration to competition. Mobinil Market Position Mobinil is the oldest and largest operator in Egypt in terms of number of subscribers. Mobinil has maintained market share leadership up until 2011 with almost 32. m subscribers at Year End 2011 close to some 50% of the market. However, it lost the market share leadership to Vodafone in 2011 due to various events, some related to the management structure at that time and other related to the dispute between the two holding companies; Orascom Telecom and France Telecom which had it’s impacts on company flow and management decisions. In addition to the direct competition Mobinil faces from the other two mobile operators, Mobinil is also facing competition on indirect fronts such as fixed lines, payphones, and Internet connectivity. A monopoly on fixed lines remains with Telecom Egypt as the sole provider, which is still a public entity despite its partial liberalization at the end of 2005. Research Analysis and Results Quantity Demand Analysis Since more than 75% of the revenue comes from the prepaid segment and the trend – both in terms of number of subscribers and revenue- is moving in the direction of the prepaid services, we decided to conduct a demand analysis on the prepaid market. Also it is worth to mention that prepaid segment constitutes more than 96 % of the subscriber base making them the most efficient contributors in the economic analysis and demand analysis The figures for the total minutes and the total revenue were obtained for the last three years period, the figures can be referenced in the appendix, the average price per minutes was assumed to be the total revenue divided by the total minutes performed by the subscribers and the demand was mapped to the number of minutes. The below graph shows the price demand curve for the prepaid segment in Mobinil, during the last three years and due to the harsh competition, Mobinil had to drop the average price per minute and accordingly we can notice that as the price decrease the demand has increased since people started to perform more minutes. Figure 8 Price Demand Curve for Mobinil In real life the price demand curve can be noticed clearly, back then at the start of the company, the price per minute was too expensive, average 40 piasters per minute, and the subscribers at that time were performing minimal calls which were done for the sake of emergency of important work. A phenomena back then was raised which was giving missed calls in order to pass greeting, this phenomena resulted in a high call attempts per second that required a lot of capacity extensions, decreasing the price resulted in the decrease in this phenomena were people started doing calls instead of missed calls, this can be illustrated in the increase in both minutes and revenue showed in Figure 8, the below figure shows the decrease of the call attempt per second per subscribers over the period in study. Figure 9 Average Call Attempt per second per sub Cross Demand Function During our analysis, and referring back to the theoretical section, the complementary products was considered as the SMS part which complements the voice call while the supplementary products were considered as the skype and viber calls. An assumption was made was the revenue from the GPRS was considered as a reflection for the price of skype and viber calls, since these calls are made through the data network GPRS connectivity, subscriber would pay for the data session for this call since calls from Skype to Skype or Viber to Viber are for free. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of complementary goods. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of supplementary goods. Regression Analysis As stated in the theoretical section, the demand function is affected by various factors, including the price of the product, price of substitutes and the price of complementary goods. The impact of various factors on the price elasticity of demand is determined through regression analysis which constitutes the impact of each factor of the product demand. Below is the regression analysis output | Coefficients| Standard Error| Intercept| 181,047,973| 7,686,663| Average Price Per Minute (Px)| -209,067,710| 17,507,478| Average Price of Data (Ps)| -2,391,333| 8,670,406| Average Price of SMS (Pc)| -169,109,146| 24,772,181| Below is the best line fit according to the model used Accordingly the price elasticity of demand can be calculated by the below equation Short run price elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run price elasticity of demand would equate to 0. 44 Short run cross elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run CED for substitutes would equate to 0. 01 The short run CED for complements would equate to 0. 35 Checking the regression statistics below the following is noticed Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 640469195| R Square| 0. 410200789| Adjusted R Square| 0. 406604453| Standard Error| 22321565. 66| Observations| 496| High Standard Error This is due to the fact that other factors affect the demand on voice calls such as the factor of income and taste, referring back the data used in the analysis dated from 2009 – 2012 in which the range of income per person has ranged significantly. We can identify the income per person from the Per capita income or average income or income per person is a measure of mean income within an economic aggregate, such as a country or city. Below figure shows an increase in the per capita income over the years in study. Since the income elasticity of demand affect the product elasticity, this measure could be affecting the price elasticity of demand and accordingly would result a more accurate calculation of the price elasticity of demand. High R Square In statistics, R Square is the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by the statistical model. In our case R Square is equal to 40 % , a high value meaning that means that the fit might not be good enough to represent the real case. One of the main reasons that might result such high value of R Square is the contribution of brand name and taste in the demand of the subscribers on voice calls. Especially in country like Egypt, people tend to change their demand habits based on their emotions or relationship with a certain company or a certain brand. Mobinil brand has always enjoyed a deep relationship with the Egyptian people, being the pure Egyptian telecom company founded by an Egyptian business person rather than other Multinational companies which were either British (Vodafone) or Emirates (Etisalat). However, actions made by top executives like the Naguib Sawiris twitter scandal may result a change of taste of Subscribers were more than million subscriber decided to port out to other operators after this incident. Since the statistics ranged from 2009 to 2011 containing both the deep relationship and confidence gained by Mobinil and its subscribers during 2009, to the relative change of taste due to the twitter scandal in 2011 and that’s why the goodness of fit is expected to be poor. Research Conclusion Currently Mobinil operates in in-elastic region of price elasticity of demand (PED lt; 1) which means that it should increase the price to obtain higher revenue. However due to intensive market competition and the fact of having Etisalat doing extensive price reduction for the price per minute; backed up with financing from the gulf operations, Mobinil is forced to reduce its price to maintain its market share and avoid churn of subscribers. Accordingly, Mobinil should not be the firm to start lowering the prices, in order not to reduce its revenue, however it should be a market follower rather than a market initiator in areas of price reduction. Mobinil should also focus on providing better quality service which would entice upper segment of the community who would be concerned with quality of service rather than the price of service. [ 1 ]. (Footnote continued)